Friday June 28
WRONG
NUMBER: Few things get audiences (or performers) more ticked
off than cell phones ringing during performances. Now Japanese
scientists have come up with a possible solution. "They have
developed a wood that is filled with magnetic particles which
can block phone signals and could be used to make theatre doors
and walls. The magnetic wood effectively blocks the microwave
signals, rendering the phones useless and stopping almost any
chance of ringtones ruining the performance." London
Evening Standard 06/25/02
I
JUST CALLED... On the other hand, young pop music fans consider
cell phones standard equipment at concerts. "Mobile phones
have quickly become a popular concert accessory. Fans call friends
to brag about the show and hold up their phones so others can
hear a favorite song." Nando
Times (AP) 06/28/02
Thursday June 27
NO
MONEY WHERE THE MOUTH IS: When the San Jose Symphony went
bankrupt this spring, city officials were quick to verbally reaffirm
San Jose's commitment to the arts. But this week, the city council
slashed the city's already meager arts funding by nearly 20%.
San Jose Mercury News 06/27/02
Wednesday June 26
BETTER
THAN NOTHING: Even as other cities slashed and burned funding
in the 1990s, New York held firm with a serious financial commitment
to the arts. But post-9/11, with a budget crisis looming, new
mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a devastating 15% cut in such
funding, prompting much protest from the groups to be affected.
Six months later, the cuts have been much reduced, and the result
is one with which New York arts groups seem prepared to live.
The New York Times 06/26/02
Tuesday June 25
A
BETTER WAY TO SUPPORT THE ARTS? "When I contemplate the
Canada Council, which isn't often, I wonder: What if it didn't
exist? What would life in Canada be like? Would people not write
poems and novels? Would painters not paint, would dancers not
dance? For their part, would Canadians not take an interest in
other Canadians? Would CanCult itself not exist? Just for fun,
contemplate for a moment what might happen if we switched from
an arts grant system to an arts credit system: a situation in
which public support went, not to the producer, but to the consumer
of Canadian arts." The Globe
& Mail (Canada) 06/25/02
LONG
OVERDUE INVESTMENTS: Finally Toronto is going to see some
major investment in its cultural infrastructure. It's about time.
"While American cities were investing in infrastructure throughout
the boom years of the 1980s and late 1990s, Toronto remained devoid
of any notable major projects. The saga of the opera house kept
stalling, and arts funding was sent to the guillotine during Mike
Harris's Common Sense Revolution." National
Post (Canada) 06/23/02
HELPING
OUT DOWNTOWN: A new report proposes a series of measures to
assist artists and cultural groups in Lower Manhattan. "In
addition to tax and real estate allowances, the report also proposes
designating downtown Manhattan as a cultural zone, which would
include the commissioning of public art and the sponsorship of
public performances." New York
Daily News 06/24/02
Monday June 24
THE
FUTURE OF INNOVATION: Should people have the right to control
intellectual property? Should corporations? Is it good for society?
For innovation? Author Lawrence Lessig proposes that for innovation
to continue, a "creative commons" ought to allow for
the free flow of ideas. Reason 06/02
Sunday June 23
GOTTA
LOVE THOSE GAYS AND BOHEMIANS: A new study sure to make Jerry
Falwell cringe suggests that cities with high populations of "gays
and bohemians (artistically creative people)" are more likely
to thrive economically than those populated by, presumably, straights
and dullards. The study focused on the economic impact of the
"creative class" on large American metropolises. The
Star Tribune (Minneapolis) 06/23/02
Friday June 21
FIXING
COVENT GARDEN: Covent Garden chief Tony Hall on addressing
the Opera House's biggest problems - high ticket prices and limited
audiences: "I've tried to address price through the 50 per
cent rule, that is, half the tickets in the house now cost £50
or less, every night. As for capacity, the house only holds 2200
people. One way to bring the ballet and opera from inside to out
- and thus to much wider audiences - lies in the power of the
screen, both big and small. We relayed Romeo and Juliet
to the piazza in Covent Garden, to about 3000 people there, but
- here is the new bit - last month we took it by satellite to
Victoria Park [in East London]. It's a poor area, needs revitalising."
Sydney Morning Herald 06/21/02
INVERNESS
PLANNING CULTURAL QUARTER: The Scottish city of Inverness
is trying to be named Cultural Capital of Europe for 2008. In
an attempt to woo the title, the city has announced a £20
million plan for a new cultural quarter. "The cultural quarter
is a place that could inspire creativity and inspiration that
would lead to the regeneration of the riverside of Inverness and
ultimately contribute to the growth and status of Inverness and
the Highlands as a whole." The
Scotsman 06/21/02
SO
FUNNY, EVEN MY CATS LAUGHED (REALLY): So you think TV and
movie critics sit around trying to think up clever little quotes
so they can see themselves blurbed in big letters in ads? Hmnnn...
"In writing columns and reviews, getting quoted is never
my agenda. Nope, not on my radar screen. No ego here. I have too
much integrity for that. My validation comes from within."
Los Angeles Times 06/21/02
Thursday June 20
MAKING
A SHOW OF CUTS: With states across America facing budget deficits,
many have proposed cutting public arts funding. Arts budgets are
small compared to overall state budgets, but they're highly visible
(read: they make good poster-children as candidates for fiscal
austerity). Backstage 06/19/02
THE
ST. PETERSBURG REVIVAL: "This year the annual Stars of
the White Nights festival in St Petersburg offers an exclusively
Russian extravaganza of opera, ballet and concerts, sending a
message of revival of national pride and optimism after the gloom
of the 1990s. But while conditions in the 'Venice of the north'
are getting better, they are still a long way from its imperial
heyday. There is not much you can do at 11pm, other than trudge
back home through beautiful but eerily empty streets." Financial
Times 06/18/02
Wednesday June 19
ART
VS. BASKETBALL: Community activists in Los Angeles are clashing
over how best to use a 3-1/2 acre vacant lot in the city's Little
Tokyo neighborhood. Residents want a gym to house their basketball
league, but an art museum whose property backs up on the lot wants
to turn it into an "art park" connecting the multiple
cultural institutions in the neighborhood. Sports usually win
out over art in these disputes, but which proposal is better urban
planning? Los Angeles Times 06/19/02
Tuesday June 18
LINCOLN
CENTER'S NEW LEADER: Bruce Crawford, former general manager
of the Metropolitan Opera has been chosen as the new chairman
of Lincoln Center, succeeding Beverly Sills. "In addition
to presiding over Lincoln Center, the country's largest and most
important cultural institution, with constituents like the Metropolitan
Opera and the New York City Ballet, Mr. Crawford will oversee
the center's often contentious $1.2 billion redevelopment plan."
The New York Times 06/18/02
PATENTLY
WRONG: The number of patents granted has exploded in recent
decades. A sign of increasing innovation and progress? Perhaps.
But tying up new ideas in patents are "just as bad for society
as too few. The undisciplined proliferation of patent grants puts
vast sectors of the economy off-limits to competition, without
any corresponding benefit to the public. The tension between the
patent as a way to stimulate invention and the patent as a weapon
against legitimate competition is inherent in the system."
Forbes 06/17/02
THE
LOTTERY CRUNCH: Britain's lottery helped spur a wave of cultural
building in the past few years that has transformed the country's
cultural infrastructure. But lottery revenue is shrinking, and
estimates for maintaining he UK's "heritage" over the
next 10 years will be "nearly £4 billion, of which
£800 million is needed for museums and galleries."
The Art Newspaper 06/14/02
Sunday June 16
COLORADO
GOVERNOR CUTS ARTS FUNDING: Colorado Governor Bill Owens used
his line-item veto to cut $766,030, or 40 percent of the Colorado
Arts Council budget. Owens explained that "grants to these
arts programs go to the metro Denver area that already has a dedicated
sales tax for these purposes. Because there is a large alternate
source of revenue, and given the discretionary, one-time nature
of the funds, I am vetoing this line." Denver
Post 06/05/02
Friday June 14
WHERE
ARE THE CRITICS? "Unfortunately, critics, and criticism,
are becoming more and more irrelevant. Their authority has been
undermined by chat rooms, bulletin boards and online reviews from
your fellow Amazon.com customer." And the contrarian critics?
They're almost worst of all - b-o-r-i-n-g. They've all got an
agenda, and most are compromised in one way or another.
LAWeekly 06/13/02
- NEW
LETTERS responding to Chris
Lavin's critique
of arts journalism. "Art is about depth, breadth and substance
- stuff that a smart quippy writing style insults, a press release
kills, and an academic analysis buries. There's a place in between
all these journalistic tones that will allow art and artists
to be better revealed. Yes, I believe this, but I'm afraid that
our culture as a whole is too embedded in its quick-fix mentality."
ArtsJournal.com
06/14/02
BOUNCING
BACK DOWN UNDER: Australian arts groups were affected by 9/11,
just like American companies. But the effect was mostly mild -
the Sydney Symphony, dependent on single-ticket sales, saw declines,
but the Sydney Theatre Company actually posted increases. Sydney
Morning Herald 06/14/02
MENTORING
WITH SWISS PRECISION: "On the theory that any artist,
regardless of age or experience, can benefit from guidance, Rolex
S.A., the Swiss watchmaker, has created a novel mentoring program
that will link up five up-and-coming artists with five world-class
masters in their fields. The five mentors — the conductor Sir
Colin Davis, the choreographer William Forsythe, the Nobel laureate
Toni Morrison, the Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza and the theater
artist Robert Wilson — and their protégés gather tonight for a
reception at the Frick Collection, where they will begin their
yearlong partnership." The New
York Times 06/13/02
Thursday June 13
LOOKING
FOR THE SNOB-FREE ZONE: We are a world of snobs - each of
us trying to define ourselves as superior in some way to those
around us. And yet, writes Joseph Epstein, "one would like
to think that Is there a snob-free zone, a place where one is
outside all snobbish concerns, neither wanting to get in anywhere
one isn't, nor needing to keep anyone else out for fear that one's
own position will somehow seem eroded or otherwise devalued? A
very small island of the favored of the gods, clearly, this snob-free
zone, but how does one get there?" Washington
Monthly 06/02
Wednesday June 12
CULTURAL
MAKEOVER: Nothing new about cities investing in art. But the
middle-class suburban town of Cerritos, California is making an
unusually big commitment "investing heavily in art and culture
- even commissioning music - and doing it all in the birthplace
of auto malls and freeway buffer walls. 'We want our city to be
the best possible for our residents, so we're making it sparkle
more, in carefully considered ways. We've already invested heavily
in education. Art and culture seems the next logical phase." Los
Angeles Times 06/12/02
MICHIGAN
JOINS ARTS-CUT MOVEMENT: Like many governments across America,
Michigan is facing tough budget times. And like many other governments,
state legislators are proposing major cuts in its arts budget
- a "50 percent cut in arts grants, from $23.5 million to
$11.9 million. It's too early to predict whether the cuts will
be adopted, but the fact that a joint committee of the state Senate
and House will meet over the next week to discuss the cut has
arts advocates on the defensive and preparing for a political
fight." Detroit Free Press 06/12/02
Tuesday June 11
MAJOR
INDUSTRY: A new study reports that nonprofit American arts
groups generate $134 billion in economic activity each year. "The
new survey covered 3,000 local arts organizations in 91 cities,
as well as 40,000 of their patrons, and drew a statistical picture
of a booming business. These groups account for 4.85 million full-time-equivalent
jobs, a larger percentage of the workforce than lawyers or computer
programmers." Washington Post
06/11/02
BIRMINGHAM
PRINTS AD: The Birmingham News ran an ad for a production
of The Vagina Monologues Sunday "after haggling between
the play’s staff and The News." But the paper would not allow
the name of the play to be used in the ad. "It was all in
one font type, no headline, graphics or photographs, and it didn’t
contain the title of the show. Instead, an asterisk directed interested
folks to call a phone number for the name." The paper says
about the originally rejected ad: "There is the name itself, ‘Vagina
Monologues.’ But that was not the real issue; it was the way the
layout was done.' The ad featured a microphone stand (The Vagina
Monologues is performed with a bare stage, no props or sets),
and double-entendre tag lines such as 'spread the word.' 'We told
them, "If you’ll calm this down, we’ll run it in a heartbeat.
Our responsibility is to our readers, to be sure no one is offended."
Tuscaloosa News 06/10/02
Monday June 10
LACK
OF DISCIPLINE: American academic culture has changed dramatically
in recent years. "The dissociation of academic work from
traditional departments has become so expected in the humanities
that it is a common topic of both conferences and jokes. More
and more colleges are offering more and more interdisciplinary
classes, and even interdisciplinary majors, but increased interdisciplinarity
is not what is new, and it is not the cause of today's confusion.
What the academy is now experiencing is postdisciplinarity - not
a joining of disciplines, but an escape from disciplines."
Wilson Quarterly 06/02
IRAN
OPENS UP TO CULTURE? Iran's president Mohammed Khatami is
encouraging a new openness in the arts, even inviting international
academics and artists to the country to talk about art. “Artists
and artistic activities have been given great encouragement since
Khatami came to power in 1997. We are being advised to be active
in the cultural scene, to end Iran’s political isolation. The
doors were closed for two decades after the Revolution [1979],
but now we are opening up and we are facing a generation that
longs to know more about recent art movements.”
The Art Newspaper 06/07/02
CREATIVITY
= ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Richard Florida's new book suggests
that "instead of underwriting big-box retailers, subsidizing
downtown malls, recruiting call centers, and squandering precious
taxpayer dollars on extravagant stadium complexes, the leadership
should instead develop an environment attractive to the creative
class by cultivating the arts, music, night life and quaint historic
districts - in short, develop places that are fun and interesting
rather than corporate and mall-like. It's advice that city and
regional leaders can take or leave, but Florida contends that
his focus groups and indices - reporting the important factors
needed for economic growth in the creative age, from concentrations
of bohemians to patents to a lively gay community - are more accurately
predicting the success and failure of metropolitan areas."
Salon 06/07/02
Sunday June 9
UNCOMFORTABLE
WITH THE "V" WORD: The Birmingham News in Alabama,
has refused to carry ads for a production of The Vagina Monologues.
The paper also won't write about the show, saying that "our first
responsibility is to our paid readers. We do not want to take
the chance of offending anyone." The paper evidently objects
to the name of the show, and is the only newspaper in North America
so far to refuse ads for it. Says one of the show's promoters:
"They told us we could not use the name of the show in our
ad. It's hard to imagine why we'd pay thousands of dollars for
a highly censored ad that doesn't even mention the name of the
show." Black
& White City Paper (Birmingham) 06/06/02
9/11
ON THE FRINGE: This year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival will
have a strong current of 9/11 art running through it. "The attack
resonates throughout the programme. We have been receiving applications
since April and it was obvious this was going to be a big thing.
It is fascinating, it has really shaken the imagination. The thread
seems to be dealing with the emotional response to the events.
This year's fringe is the biggest yet with almost 1,500 shows
from 11,700 artists. A quarter of the shows are world premieres
and 24% are performed by overseas groups, half of them from the
US." The
Guardian (UK) 06/07/02
Friday June 7
HOLLYWOOD
TO SECEDE? Los Angeles voters will vote this fall on whether
to carve ut Hollywood as its own city, distinct from LA. "Hollywood
secessionists have argued that a smaller city, of 160,000 people,
would be better able to attack crime, spruce up the area's famous
boulevards and restore Hollywood to its former glory."
Los Angeles Times 06/06/02
LINCOLN
CENTER'S TAX PROBLEM: For years Lincoln Center believed it
was exempt from city service taxes. Turns out it believed wrong.
"After extensive negotiations, Lincoln Center sent a $450,000
check to the city in December. Talks are continuing on another
$550,000 in contested charges." New
York Post 06/06/02
IRANIAN
PERFORMERS DENIED VISAS: Ten Iranian performers, part of a
troupe of 28, have denied visas to perform in this summer's Lincoln
Center Festival "because they were deemed at risk of becoming
economic refugees. The other actors in the troupe were given initial
clearance, having proved that they are not likely to stay on past
the expiration of their visas, but they are now awaiting a security
check." Lincoln Center has reduced the number of performances
the company will give. The New York
Times 06/07/02
Thursday June 6
ENTERTAINMENT
BOOM: The worldwide entertainment industry faced some big
challenges last year - the dotcom bust, an economic slowdown,
September 11. But despite all that, "the worldwide entertainment
and media sector saw spending rise 1.5 per cent in 2001, surpassing
the $1-trillion (U.S.) mark for the first time ever. A new survey
by PricewaterhouseCoopers says this is just the start of a rally
that will see spending of $1.4-trillion by 2006."
The Globe & Mail (Canada)
06/06/02
MASSACHUSETTS
- SMALLER ARTS CUTS? Massachusetts was one of the first states
this spring to propose wholesale cuts in the state's arts budget
- the state House of Representatives recommended a 48 percent
cut in the state's public arts spending as a way of helping to
close a budget deficit. But intense lobbying by arts groups narrowed
the state house cut to 24 percent. And this week the state senate's
budget committee recommended keeping funding at this year's level
- $19 million. Boston Globe 06/06/02
- TAX
LAW WORKS AGAINST NON-PROFITS: Boston Museum of Fine Arts
director Malcolm Rogers is campaigning against a measure approved
by the state's House of Representatives to eliminate tax deductions
for charitable contributions. ''Statistical studies show that
for every dollar they save in taxes, people give about a dollar
and 20 cents more to charity. Legislators who estimate that
the change in tax law would funnel between $180 million and
$200 million per year from taxpayers' pockets to state coffers
say they have no choice'' as they attempt to close a big budget
deficit. Boston
Globe 06/06/02
Wednesday June 5
WHAT
HAPPENED TO THE CULTURAL FLOWERING? Fifty years ago, when
Elizabeth took to England's throne, many predicted a flowering
of English culture, a second Elizabethan era. There have been
successes. But "alongside its cultural ascendance, England
has cultivated the highest illiteracy rates in western Europe,
as well as the ugliest cities. Children leave our schools never
having heard of Bach or Leonardo, their fertile minds stuffed
with three-bar tunes and electronic games. Many will reach the
end of their lives never having set foot in the National Gallery
or Royal National Theatre, never having glimpsed the opportunity
to transcend the ordinary." London
Evening Standard 06/05/02
Tuesday June 4
THE
QUEEN'S PARTY: Britain's Queen Elizabeth threw a big party
to celebrate her 50 years on the throne. How big? More than a
million people attended the pop/rock concert at Buckingham Palace,
far surpassing expectations. The concert "was followed by
a display of fireworks and water fountains in a dazzling 15-minute
son et lumiere that enveloped the Buckingham Palace in a brilliant
kaleidoscope of colour." And the Queen? "The Queen,
wearing ear plugs, and Prince Philip - neither of them natural
lovers of rock and pop - planned to attend only the last half
hour, arriving to huge cheers at 9.55 pm."
The Telegraph (UK) 06/04/02
WHY
THE WORLD DOESN'T TAKE ARTS JOURNALISM SERIOUSLY? Why is arts
journalism marginalized in so many publications? Literary critic
Carlin Romano believes that "until arts journalists and their
supporters examine the intellectual issues of their trade as seriously
as investigative reporters probe their own dilemmas over protecting
sources or going undercover - marching onto op-ed pages as controversies
break, demanding the same attention as American media dopily devote
to sports - they'll continue to be enablers of their own marginalization."
Chronicle of Higher Education
06/03/02
CAMPAIGN
TO REOPEN ITALIAN THEATRES: There's a campaign in Italy to
reopen some 361 unused theatres and opera houses. "Italy
has still many unused halls, a result of the country's long history
of political polycentrism, which since the early 18th century
has encouraged theater and opera to percolate through society
in a manner unparalleled elsewhere. In countless small cities,
a religious festival or a change of governor could be enough to
bring into being a short operatic season, even if this was limited
to a few performances of a single work. As one writer has remarked,
in the 19th century, opera houses 'were as numerous as cinemas
[are] today'." For one reason or another many theatres were closed
even though they're fit to be used. Andante
06/04/02
QUEENS
OF CULTURE: Is the Museum of Modern Art finally "bringing"
culture to Queens, its new temporary home? Not at all - the borough
is more than Archie Bunker. "In Manhattan, culture is called
to your attention, boxed up, neatly placed along landmarks like
Museum Mile. It's roped off, so tourists know where to find it:
Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, Broadway, the Met. But in decentralized
Queens, culture is more complicated, a mix of clashing international
and neighborhood values embodied by old- and new- wave immigrants,
as well as native-born locals such as hip-hop mogul Russell Simmons,
folksy world music man Paul Simon or the late punk rock legend
Joey Ramone." Newsday 06/04/02
LA'S
CULTURE BILL: Add up all the cultural projects looking for
money in Los Angeles right now and the bill tops $1 billion. That's
enough to build another Getty Center. "The Los Angeles County
Museum of Art and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles in
Exposition Park are the largest players, each preparing to seek
$200 million to $300 million." Also in the hunt is the Orange
County Performing Arts Center, which is raising money for a new
$200 million concert hall. Los Angeles
Times 06/02/02
A
WHO'S WHO OF PITTSBURGH CULTURE: Every year the Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette arts staff puts together a list of the "top
50 cultural forces" in the city. This year, the staff decided
to make it "easier on themselves by grouping its winners
into categories. "We created 10 categories in which to place
our 50 names: categories for the arts leaders who break with tradition;
the opinionated leaders who challenge the city's notions about
culture; the behind-the-scenes leaders who nurture the development
of artists; the leaders of small arts groups who foster quality
work; and others." Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette 06/03/02
Monday June 3
ANOTHER
FIRE AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE: "Thousands of people, including
some of Britain's most famous musicians, were evacuated from Buckingham
Palace last night as a fire broke out, disrupting preparations
for tonight's pop concert. The fire started between the ballroom
and the state rooms which form the heart of the working palace
and are used regularly by the Queen and members of the royal family."
The Guardian (UK) 06/03/02
SUPERFUND:
After much political wrangling, various levels of government finally
got their acts together in Toronto Friday and announced long-awaited
funding of $232 million for cultural projects in Ontario. "Some
people appear to have swapped scripts. Now the rhetoric arts lobbyists
have used for years has been co-opted by the politicians. They
confidently promise that museum expansions and concert halls will
create an economic boom, lure millions of tourists and improve
everyone's quality of life. They've become converts to the faith,
based on the notion that an arts boom is the vehicle to transport
all of us to a future of prosperity."
Toronto Star 06/02/02
JAPAN
- THE NEW CULTURE SUPERPOWER? "Critics often reduce the
globalization of culture to either the McDonald's phenomenon or
the 'world music' phenomenon. For the McDonald's camp, globalization
is the process of large American multinationals overwhelming foreign
markets and getting local consumers addicted to special sauce.
In this case, culture flows from American power, and American
supply creates demand. For the world music camp, globalization
means that fresh, marginal culture reaches consumers in the United
States through increased contact with the rest of the world. Here,
too, culture flows from American power, with demand from rich
Americans expanding distribution for Latin pop or Irish folk songs.
But Japanese culture has transcended US demand or approval."
The Guardian (UK) 06/03/02
ABOUT
NAMES OR ABOUT ART? When Avery Fisher gave $10.5 million in
1973 to Lincoln Center to rebuild Philharmonic Hall, the deal
stipulated that the building would forever carry his name. Now
the hall needs another massive overhaul and Lincoln Center wants
to maybe resell naming rights. "Fisher's heirs are prepared
to go to court to protect the name, although the two sides say
they will meet this week to try to work out an understanding.
The outcome, analysts say, could set a precedent for how philanthropists
and cultural organizations negotiate naming rights."
Nando Times (AP) 06/02/02
Sunday June 2
ADRIFT
IN A SEA OF AESTHETIC (ANASTHETIC?): "In these years
post-turn-of-the-century, we're awash in so much choice in entertainment,
so much competition for our attention, that we risk losing a sense
of our basic selves. Art exists, partly, to articulate identity.
Greek drama reinforced that society's basic myths. Medieval Gothic
architecture expressed, in towering grandeur, the superstitions
and heavenly dreams of that world. Through much of the 20th Century,
painters, dramatists, novelists and filmmakers borrowed from and
mirrored one another, and an eager consumer could take solace
in sampling a little bit of all of them."
Chicago Tribune 06/02/02
THAT
GIANT SUCKING SOUND? Dallas is raising $250 million to build
a new performing arts center. "But not everyone on the local
performing arts scene considers it a friendly giant. For some,
it's a voracious juggernaut set to gobble up most of the city's
limited cultural money and attention. And its leftovers are unlikely
to be enough to go around. Supporters of the center, and representatives
of some of the smaller arts groups, argue that the attention focused
on the performing arts center is a boon to the cultural scene
as a whole." Dallas Morning News
06/02/02
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